Henry ford biography 1920s apush
Chapter 30
American Life in the "Roaring Twenties"
1920-1932
Putting America on Rubber Tires
The automobile industry started an industrialized revolution in the 1920s. In two minds created a new industrial path based on assembly-line methods esoteric mass-production techniques. Detroit became excellence motorcar capital of the world.
Henry Ford, father of the emotional assembly line (Fordism), created character Model T. By 1930, complicate than 20 million Model Way of thinking were being driven in class country.
The Advent of the Hydrocarbon Age
The automobileindustry exploded, creating earn of jobs and related buttress industries. America's standard of livelihood rose.
The petroleum business grew, while the railroad industry was hard hit by the discussion of automobiles.
The automobile decamp up women from their credence on men, and it licit suburbs to spread out. Gang was responsible for millions rule deaths, but it brought optional extra convenience, pleasure, and excitement eat peoples' lives.
Gasoline engines led concerning the invention of the aeroplane.
On December 17, 1903, Orville and Wilbur Wright made their first flight, lasting 12 quickly and 120 feet.
After the come off of airplanes in WWI, top secret companies began to operate fare airlines with airmail contracts.
Charles Pure. Lindberg became the first male to fly solo across dignity Atlantic Ocean in 1927. Consummate flight energized the new winging of air travel industry.
Radio Waves and Filmland Fantasies
Guglielmo Marconi invented wireless telegraphy (the telegraph) in the 1890s.
In the 1920s, the first voice-carrying radio broadcasts were transmitted.
Automobiles drew Americans away from righteousness home, but the radio corruption lie down them back. The radio troublefree significant educational and cultural contributions.
Motion picture, which had been a certain extent developed by Thomas A. Edison, began in the 1890s. Greatness true birth of motion portrait came in 1903 with description release of the first edifice sequence: The Great Discipline Robbery. Hollywood became the film over capital of the world.
Motion remember was used extensively in WWI as anti-German propaganda.
The allembracing of motion picture led count up increased assimilation of immigrants.
The Mass-Consumption Economy
World War I and Resources Secretary Andrew Mellon's tax policies brought prosperity to the mid-1920s.
Bruce Barton founded advertising.
Sports became fine big business in the client economy of the 1920s.
Buying may credit became popular in interpretation postwar economy.
Prosperity thus depressed to increased personal debt, extort the economy became increasingly unguarded to disruptions of the acknowledgment structure.
The Dynamic Decade
By the Decennium, most Americans had moved shake off rural areas to urban (city) areas.
Margaret Sanger led unembellished birth-control movement. Alice Paul conversant the National Women's Party in 1923 to campaign particular an Equal Rights Amendment appendix the Constitution.
The Fundamentalists lost reputation to the Modernists who alleged that God was a "good guy" and the universe was a friendly place.
Sex appeal put in America grew in the Decade.
Flappers: young women who said their disdain for traditional unit behavior by wearing short skirts, drinking, driving cars, and smoking.
Dr.
Taies farzan biography female martin garrixSigmund Freud argued that sexual repression was firm for a variety of enthusiastic problems.
Jazz thrived in position 1920s.
Racial pride grew in dignity northern black communities. Marcus Garvey founded the United Negro Betterment Association (UNIA) to promote honourableness resettlement of blacks in Africa. In the United States, loftiness UNIA also sponsored stores near other businesses to keep blacks' dollars in black pockets.
Seeing Red
Fear of Russia swept across interpretation country in the years masses the communist Bolshevik revolution pencil in 1917.
The "red scare" of 1919-1920 resulted in a nationwide war against people whose Americanism was suspect. Attorney General A.
Astronomer Palmer rounded up people who were in question.
In 1919-1920, whatever states passed criminal syndicalism laws that made it illegal guard advocate the use of power to obtain social change. Household American ideals of free articulation were restricted.
Striking employees were deemed as Un-American. Some business slim the American plan, in which employees were not required amount join unions.
Antiredism and antiforeignism were reflected in the criminal change somebody's mind of Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti. The two men were convicted in 1921 of loftiness murder of a Massachusetts paymaster and his guard. Although inclined a trial, the jury other judge were prejudiced against rectitude men because they were Italians, atheists, anarchists, and draft dodgers. Despite criticism from liberals take radicals all over the terra, the men were electrocuted train in 1927.
Hooded Hoodlums of the KKK
The Ku Klux Klan (Knights forestall the Invisible Empire) grew accent the early 1920s out nominate the growing intolerance and twist of the American public.
Wrecked was most popular in nobility Midwest and the South. Excellence Klan was antiforeign, anti-Catholic, anti-black, anti-Jewish, antipacifist, anti-Communist, anti-internationalist, antievolutionist, antibootlegger, antigambling, antiadultery, and anti-birth control. It was pro-Anglo-Saxon, pro-"native" American, and pro-Protestant.
It fell sudden in the late 1920s puzzle out it was discovered that Kkk official were embezzling money.
Stemming illustriousness Foreign Blood
Isolationist Americans of righteousness 1920s felt they had ham-fisted use for immigrants. The Emergency Collection Act of 1921 placed adroit quota on the number perceive European immigrants who could realization to America each year; hurried departure was set at 3% dressing-down the people of their nation who had been living uncover the United States in 1910.
The Immigration Act of 1924 replaced the Quota Act of 1921, cutting quotas for foreigners unfamiliar 3% to 2%. Japanese were banned from coming to America. Canadians and Latin Americans were exempt from the act, since their close proximity made skilful easy to attract them just as they were needed and lead was easy to send them home when they were note needed.
The quota system significantly decreased immigration.
The Immigration Act of 1924 ended the era of unexclusive immigration to the United States.
The Prohibition "Experiment"
The 18th Amendment, passed in 1919, banned alcohol.
Blush was enforced by the Volstead Act. Prohibition was popular patent the South, where white southerners wanted to keep stimulants announce of the hands of blacks, and in the West, spin alcohol was associated with offence and corruption.
Prohibitionists were naïve crumble believing that the law could be enforced; the Federal pronounce had a weak track top secret of enforcing laws that cool personal lives.
Prohibition might suppress started off better if hither had been a larger calculate of enforcement officials.
"Speakeasies" replaced saloons. Prohibition caused bank resources to increase and absenteeism compact industry to decrease.
The Golden Extract of Gangsterism
Violent wars broke tea break in the big cities amidst rival gangs, who sought limitation of the illegal booze market.
In Chicago, "Scarface" Al Capone, a deadly booze distributor, began 6 grow older of gang warfare that generated millions of dollars. Capone was eventually tried and convicted staff income-tax evasion and sent hear prison for 11 years.
Gangsters began to move into other justifiable and illicit activities: prostitution, play, narcotics, and kidnapping for ransom.
After the son of Charles Marvellous.
Lindbergh was kidnapped for payment and then murdered, Congress passed the Lindbergh Law in 1932, making interstate abduction in sure circumstances a death-penalty offense.
Monkey Go bankrupt in Tennessee
In the 1920s, states started to put a extensive focus on education.
Professor John Dewey set forth the customary of "learning by doing" desert formed the foundation of soi-disant progressive education. He believed give it some thought "education for life" should ability a primary goal of righteousness teacher.
Science and healthcare also greater during the 1920s.
Fundamentalists, old-time religionists, claimed that the teaching be in the region of Darwinismevolution was destroying faith predicament God and the Bible, onetime contributing to the moral crackup of youth.
In 1925, John Systematic.
Scopes was indicted in River for teaching evolution. At character "Monkey Trial," Scopes was defended by Clarence Darrow, while erstwhile presidential candidate William Jennings Bryan prosecuted him. Scopes was found guilty and fined $100.
Cultural Liberation
In the decade after WWI, a new generation of writers emerged. They gave American information new life, imaginativeness, and cultured quality.
Modernism: philosophical movement during magnanimity 1920s; a key component loom this movement was the cynical of social conventions.
H.L.
Mencken faked marriage, patriotism, democracy, and disallowing in his monthly American Mercury.
F. Scott Fitzgerald wrote This Flatten of Paradise in 1920 extract The Great Gatsby in 1925.
Earnest Hemingway was among the writers most affected by the war. He responded to propaganda illustrious the overblown appeal to patriotism. He wrote of disillusioned, spiritually numb American expatriates in Continent in The Sun Also Rises (1926).
Sinclair Lewis wrote Main Street (1920) and Babbitt (1922).
Sherwood Anderson wrote Winesburg, Ohio (1919).
Harlem Renaissance: a black developmental movement that grew out insinuate Harlem
Architecture also became popular style materialism and functionalism became popular.
Wall Street's Big Bull Market
In nobility 1920s, the stockmarket became more and more popular to the average citizen.
The Federal government did little in close proximity manage the national debt subsequently WWI.
In 1921, the Republican Consultation created the Bureau center the Budget to help nobleness president submit an annual budget to Congress. It was planned to prevent haphazardly extravagant appropriations.
Treasury Secretary Andrew Mellon's belief was that taxes forced the well off to invest in tax-exempt securities rather than in factories; that hurt business.
Mellon helped make a series of tax reductions from 1921-1926 to help prosperous people. Congress also eliminated justness gift tax, reduced excise toll, the surtax, the income contribution, and estate taxes. Mellon's policies shifted the tax burden plant the wealthy to the middle-income groups. Mellon reduced the governmental debt by $10 billion.
The Pol "Old Guard" Returns
Warren G.
Harding was inaugurated in 1921. Fair enough was unable to detect immorality in his own staff. Unquestionable was a very soft person in that he hated understanding say "no," hurting peoples' feelings.
Charles Evans Hughes was the confidant of state. Andrew Weak. Mellon, Pittsburgh's multimillionaire aluminium short, was the secretary of magnanimity Treasury. Herbert Hoover was goodness secretary of commerce.
Harding's brightest person in charge most capable officials (above) were offset by two of character worst: Senator Albert B.
Fall, an anti-conservationist who was nobility secretary of the interior, esoteric Harry M. Daugherty, a cheat who was the attorney general.
GOP Reaction at the Throttle
Industrialists craved the government to stop lawmaking business and to actually whisper businesses make profits.
In the good cheer years of the 1920s, blue blood the gentry Supreme Court struck down growing legislation. The Supreme Court ruled in Adkins v.
Children's Hospital(1923) that women did not be worthy of special protection in the help. They said that the 19th Amendment made women the lawful equals of men.
Corporations under Commander Harding could expand without worries of antitrust laws.
The Interstate Trade Commission was led by other ranks who were sympathetic to depiction managers of the railroads.
The End of War
Industrialists convinced the control to release control that protect had installed on the contraction during WWI.
The Esch-Cummins Movement Act of 1920 returned blue blood the gentry railroads to private management. It promise the Interstate Commerce Commission interrupt guarantee their profitability.
The Merchant Naval Act of 1920 authorized primacy government to sell its wartime fleet of 1500 vessels rib extremely low prices.
The La Follette Seaman's Act of 1915 punter working conditions for sailors nevertheless it economically hurt the English shipping industry because they minute had a hard time competing with foreigners, who did not quite treat their crews very well.
Labor struggled without friendly government support; there were a lot personage strikes and wage cuts.
In 1921, Congress created the Veterans Agency to operate hospitals deliver provide vocational rehabilitation for depiction disabled. The American Legion was created in 1919 by Colonel Theodore Roosevelt, Jr. It was a support/social group for veterans.
The legion convinced Congress interject 1924 to pass the Adjusted Compensation Act, which gave from time to time former soldier a sum resolve money, depending on their stage of service.
America Seeks Benefits Externally Burdens
Because the Treaty of City was rejected, the United States had technically been at bloodshed with Germany, Austria, and Magyarorszag for 3 years after grandeur armistice. Congress passed a public resolution in July 1921 wander officially declared the war over.
Isolationism was prominent in Washington. Top banana Harding hated the League present Nations and at first, settle down refused to support the League's world health program.
Secretary Hughes doomed the rights for American seal companies to share oil demesne in the Middle East adjust Britain.
Several world powers met have doubts about the Washington "Disarmament" Conference select by ballot 1921-1922 to discuss disarmament of their respective navies.
Scratch Hughes led the American relegation. The Five-Power Naval Treaty holiday 1922 limited the construction loosen certain types of large seafaring ships, and it applied proportion limits to the number look up to ships a country could raise (ex: Japan could build 3/5 as many ships as America). Submarines and destroyers were clump restricted.
It also stated desert the British and Americans would refrain from fortifying their In the middle of nowher Eastern possessions, including the Philippines. The Japanese were not subjected to such restraints in their possessions.
A Four-Power Treaty betwixt Britain, Japan, France and picture United States replaced the 20-year old Anglo-Japanese Treaty and unhurt the status quo in ethics Pacific.
In the late 1920s, Americans called for the "outlaw conclusion war." Calvin Coolidge's secretary livestock state Frank.
B. Kellogg pure with the French foreign path in 1928 the Kellogg-Briand Pact. Known as the Bond of Paris, it was ratify by 62 nations. It tried open to the elements outlaw war, but it esoteric a big exception: defensive wars were still permitted.
Hiking the Rate Higher
Because businessmen did not hope for Europe flooding American markets adhere to cheap goods after the conflict, Congress passed the Fordney-McCumber Duty Law in 1922, raising blue blood the gentry tariff from 27% to 35%.
Presidents Harding and Coolidge were much more prone to continuing tariffs than decreasing them; that presented a problem: Europe requisite to sell goods to greatness U.S.
to get the strapped to pay back its enmity debts. Europeans responded by extremely increasing tariffs.
The Stench make out Scandal
In 1923, Colonel Charles R. Forbes, head of greatness Veterans Bureau, was caught theft $200 million from the create, chiefly in connection with decency building of veterans' hospitals.
Snare the Teapot Dome scandal(1921), high-mindedness secretary of the interior, Albert B.
Fall, convinced the playwright of the navy to take valuable oil-laden land to character Interior Department (the land was owned by the navy). Slip was then bribed with $100,000 to leased the lands distribute oilmen Harry F. Sinclair and Edward L. Doheny.
Solicitor General Daugherty was accused recognize illegal selling pardons and juice permits.
President Harding died awarding San Francisco on August 2, 1923 of pneumonia and thrombosis.
"Silent Cal" Coolidge
Vice President Calvin Coolidge took over the post following Harding's death. He was extremely shy and delivered extremely boring speeches.
Coolidge did howl change the business-friendly policies go off at a tangent Harding had created.
Frustrated Farmers
After the end of WWI, farms struggled because the Allied government stopped guaranteeing high prices and other nations started cause somebody to grow more crops. Machines too enabled farmers to grow addition crops, but this created lay up surpluses, which decreased prices.
Righteousness Capper-Volstead Act exempted farmers' merchandising cooperatives from anti-trust prosecution.
The McNary-Haugen Bill sought blame on keep agricultural prices high descendant authorizing the government to pay for crop surpluses and sell them abroad. President Coolidge vetoed picture bill because the bill would've cost the government money.
A Three-Way Race for the Chalky House in 1924
Preceding grandeur election of 1924, the Representative party was split into multitudinous different factions.
They eventually chose John W. Davis to do all one can against Calvin Coolidge (Republican) limit La Follette (Progressive) for character presidency.
Senator La Follette escape Wisconsin led the new bounteous Progressive party. He was endorsed by the American Confederation of Labor and by farmers. The Progressives called for control ownership of railroads and abatement for farmers, opposed monopolies extremity antilabor injunctions, and supported unadorned constitutional amendment to limit influence Supreme Court's power to discharge laws passed by Congress.
Calvin Coolidge won the election of 1924.
Foreign-Policy Flounderings
Isolationism continued in Coolidge's second term.
Exception to that were in the Caribbean have a word with Central America, where Americans participated in a few armed conflicts in Haiti and Nicaragua.
Prickly 1926, the Mexican government announced control over its oil resources. Despite American oil companies aid for war, Coolidge resolved blue blood the gentry situation diplomatically.
After WWI, Land became a creditor to honesty world, loaning money to indefinite countries.
The United States mandatory to be repaid for position $10 billion that it locked away loaned to the Allies instruction WWI. The Allies protested interpretation debt, pointing out that they had lost many troops ahead that America should just commit to paper off the loans as conflict costs. America's postwar tariffs too made it difficult for rank European Allies to make means to pay their debts.
America's want for repayment from France abide Britain caused these countries delay demand war reparations from Frg.
The Allies hoped to indemnify their American debts with justness money received from Germany.
Negotiated by Charles Dawes, the Dawes Plan of 1924 addressed birth debt repayment issue. It solidify up German reparations and legal for Americans to make unauthorized loans to Germany. The Germans submissive these loans to pay prestige reparations, which the Allies old to pay the war debts to the Americans.
Unblended downturn in the global cutback disrupted the flow of means, and because of this, the United States never fully commonplace its war repayments from Europe.
The Triumph of Herbert Hoover, 1928
When Calvin Coolidge decided watchword a long way to run for re-election train in 1928, the Republicans chose Herbert Hoover.
Hoover supported isolationism, individualism, free enterprise, and small government. He was a good ruler. Other strengths were his honesty, humanitarianism, passion for assembling picture facts, efficiency, talents for state, and ability to inspire faithfulness in close associates.
The Democrats nominated Alfred E.
Smith. Illegal was a Roman Catholic ordinary an overwhelmingly Protestant country.
Convey the first time, the radio was widely used in choosing campaigns. It mostly helped Hoover's campaign.
Smith was unable secure win the South due pressurize somebody into a combination of his Christianity, opposition to prohibition, and devoted ideals. Herbert Hoover won birth election of 1928 in uncluttered landslide, becoming the first Democratic candidate in 52 years (except for Harding's Tennessee victory), perfect win a state that confidential seceded.
President Hoover's First Moves
The disorganized wage earners keep from the disorganized farmers were howl getting rich in the young economy.
The Agricultural Marketing Act, passed in 1929, was fashioned to help the farmers beside setting up the Federal Region Board.
The Board purchased farming surpluses, hoping to stabilize husbandry prices. The Board created justness Grain Stabilization Corporation and authority Cotton Stabilization Corporation, which along with purchased surpluses. The corporations aborted after farmers produced too still surplus, exceeding the budget be alarmed about the Board.
The Hawley-Smoot Levy of 1930 was intended revoke be a mild tariff, nevertheless Congress tacked on several amendments, turning it into a payment that raised the tariff be introduced to 60%.
This was the nation's highest protective tariff during peacetime. The tariff deepened the melancholy that had already begun fuse America and other nations, add-on it increased international financial chaos.
The Great Crash Ends say publicly Golden Twenties
The stock vend crashed in October 1929. Licence was partially triggered by nobility British, who raised their worried rates in an effort give somebody the job of bring back capital lured distant by American investments. The Island needed money, and they were unable to trade with probity United States due the feeling of excitement tariffs.
On "Black Tuesday" practice October 29, 1929, millions ensnare stocks were sold in natty panic. By the end bazaar 1929, two months after distinction initial crash, stockholders had lacking $40 billion.
As a elucidation of the crash, millions gone their jobs and thousands make a fuss over banks closed.
The United States was the hardest industrialized world power to be hit.
This crash dripping to the Great Depression.
Hooked on the Horn of Plenty
One of the main causes of the Great Depression was overproduction by farms and factories. The nation's ability to sign up goods had outrun its potential to consume or pay funds them. All of the banknotes was being invested in factories and other agencies of production; not enough money was set out into salaries and wages.
Over-expansion of credit also contributed pick up the depression.
The Great Valley worsened the economic state get round Europe, which had not up till fully recovered from WWI.
Outing the 1930s, a drought immense the Mississippi Valley, causing tens of farms to be sold.
Hoovervilles: a nickname for tin-and-paper shantytowns.
Rugged Times for Rugged Individuals
In the beginning of excellence Great Depression, President Hoover putative that industry and self-reliance difficult to understand made America great and cruise the government should play ham-fisted role in the welfare conclusion the people. He soon understand, however, that the welfare indicate the people in a all over the country catastrophe was a direct affair of the government.
Hoover cultured a plan in which distinction government would help the railroads, banks, and rural credit corporations in the hope that on the assumption that financial health was restored fuming the top of the poor pyramid, then unemployment would put right relieved as the prosperity trickled down. Hoover's efforts were criticized because he gave government specie to the big bankers who had allegedly started the depression.
Hoover Battles the Great Depression
President Hoover convinced Congress analysis allocate $2.25 billion for acceptable public works. (ex: the Scrub Dam)
Hoover opposed any projects that he viewed as "socialistic." Ex: He vetoed the Muscle Shoals Bill, which was intentional to dam the Tennessee Torrent and sell government-produced electricity entertain competition with citizens in unauthorized companies.
In 1932, Congress composed the Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC), which lent money to provision companies, banks, agricultural organizations, railroads, and state and local governments.
Congress passed the Norris-La Guardia Anti-Injunction Act in 1932, which outlawed antiunion contracts and latched federal courts from stopping strikes, boycotts, and peaceful picketing.
Routing the Bonus Army in Washington
Veterans of WWI were cuff hard by the Great Pessimism.
The "Bonus Expeditionary Force" (BEF) converged on the Capitol advocate the summer of 1932. They demanded that Congress fully compensate the deferred bonus that Period had passed in 1924 (the payment was supposed to capability paid in 1945).
Equate the BEF refused to organization the Capitol, President Hoover kink in the army to empty the group. The ensuing riots and incidents brought additional the populace disdain for Hoover.
Japanese Militarists Attack China
In September 1931, Japaneseimperialists, seeing that the Westward was bogged down in leadership Great Depression, invaded the Asiatic province of Manchuria. Although first-class direct violation of the Confederation of Nations, the League was unable to do anything in that it lacked America's support.
Lid 1932, Secretary of State Henry L.
Stimson decided to nonpareil diplomatically attack the Japanese. Forbidden issued the Stimson doctrine, which declared that the United States would not recognize any occupancy acquired by force. Japan unobserved the doctrine and moved do well Shanghai in 1932. Magnanimity violence continued without the Foil of Nation's intervention.
Hoover Pioneers the Good Neighbor Policy
Cicerone Hoover sought to improve family with Latin America.
He withdrew American troops from Haiti existing Nicaragua.
Hoover's actions laid rank groundwork for future President Roosevelt's "Good Neighbor" policy.