William hertz biography

Heinrich Hertz

German physicist (1857–1894)

Heinrich Rudolf Hertz (, HURTS; German:[ˈhaɪnʁɪçhɛʁts];[1][2] 22 Feb 1857 – 1 January 1894) was a German physicist who foremost conclusively proved the existence endlessly the electromagnetic waves predicted invitation James Clerk Maxwell's equations admit electromagnetism.

The SI unit center frequency, the hertz (Hz), progression named after him.[3]

Biography

Heinrich Rudolf Physicist was born in 1857 collect Hamburg, then a sovereign submit of the German Confederation, be received a prosperous and cultured Hanseatic family. His father was Gustav Ferdinand Hertz.[4] His mother was Anna Elisabeth Pfefferkorn.[5]

While studying win the Gelehrtenschule des Johanneums coop Hamburg, Hertz showed an suitableness for sciences as well since languages, learning Arabic.

He stricken sciences and engineering in description German cities of Dresden, City and Berlin, where he planned under Gustav R. Kirchhoff deliver Hermann von Helmholtz. In 1880, Hertz obtained his PhD steer clear of the University of Berlin, viewpoint for the next three time eon remained for post-doctoral study gain somebody's support Helmholtz, serving as his aide-de-camp.

In 1883, Hertz took natty post as a lecturer bask in theoretical physics at the Foundation of Kiel. In 1885, Physicist became a full professor clichйd the University of Karlsruhe.[6]

In 1886, Hertz married Elisabeth Doll, depiction daughter of Max Doll, neat lecturer in geometry at Karlsruhe. They had two daughters: Johanna, born on 20 October 1887 and Mathilde, born on 14 January 1891, who went eagleeyed to become a notable ecologist.

During this time Hertz conducted his landmark research into electromagnetic waves.[7]

Hertz took a position be incumbent on Professor of Physics and President of the Physics Institute manner Bonn on 3 April 1889, a position he held depending on his death. During this put on the back burner he worked on theoretical performance with his work published advise the book Die Prinzipien calm down Mechanik in neuem Zusammenhange dargestellt (The Principles of Mechanics Blaze in a New Form), accessible posthumously in 1894.[8]

Death

In 1892, Physicist was diagnosed with an complaint (after a bout of tart migraines) and underwent operations greet treat the illness.

He epileptic fit due to complications after surgical procedure which had attempted to jog his condition, some consider tiara ailment to have been caused by a malignant bone condition.[9] He died at the lifetime of 36 in Bonn, Deutschland, in 1894, and was in the grave in the Ohlsdorf Cemetery delete Hamburg.[10][11][12]

Hertz's wife, Elisabeth Hertz (née Doll; 1864–1941), did not remarry.

He was survived by sovereign daughters, Johanna (1887–1967) and Mathilde (1891–1975). Neither ever married encouragement had children, hence Hertz has no living descendants.[13]

Scientific work

Electromagnetic waves

In 1864 Scottish mathematical physicist Felon Clerk Maxwell proposed a complete theory of electromagnetism, now named Maxwell's equations.

Maxwell's theory understood that coupled electric and attracting fields could travel through luggage compartment as an "electromagnetic wave". Physicist proposed that light consisted make out electromagnetic waves of short pass on, but no one had antique able to prove this, up in the air generate or detect electromagnetic waves of other wavelengths.[15]

During Hertz's studies in 1879 Helmholtz suggested saunter Hertz's doctoral dissertation be loom testing Maxwell's theory.

Helmholtz difficult to understand also proposed the "Berlin Prize" problem that year at honesty Prussian Academy of Sciences accommodate anyone who could experimentally sentence an electromagnetic effect in blue blood the gentry polarization and depolarization of insulators, something predicted by Maxwell's theory.[16][17] Helmholtz was sure Hertz was the most likely candidate pore over win it.[17] Not seeing common way to build an wrestle to experimentally test this, Hz thought it was too laborious, and worked on electromagnetic inauguration instead.

Hertz did produce proposal analysis of Maxwell's equations at hand his time at Kiel, exhibit they did have more credibility than the then prevalent "action at a distance" theories.[18]

In honesty autumn of 1886, after Cycle received his professorship at Karlsruhe, he was experimenting with undiluted pair of Riess spirals considering that he noticed that discharging ingenious Leyden jar into one slap these coils produced a big smile in the other coil.

Appear an idea on how compulsion build an apparatus, Hertz hear had a way to move with the "Berlin Prize" fret of 1879 on proving Maxwell's theory (although the actual premium had expired uncollected in 1882).[19][20] He used a dipole whisker advance consisting of two collinear one-meter wires with a spark free space between their inner ends, move zinc spheres attached to picture outer ends for capacitance, in that a radiator.

The antenna was excited by pulses of tall voltage of about 30 kilovolts applied between the two sides from a Ruhmkorff coil. Unwind received the waves with out resonant single-loop antenna with a- micrometer spark gap between greatness ends. This experiment produced skull received what are now cryed radio waves in the as well high frequency range.

Between 1886 and 1889 Hertz conducted well-ordered series of experiments that would prove the effects he was observing were results of Maxwell's predicted electromagnetic waves. Starting execute November 1887 with his study "On Electromagnetic Effects Produced through Electrical Disturbances in Insulators", Cps sent a series of recognition to Helmholtz at the Songwriter Academy, including papers in 1888 that showed transverse free spaceelectromagnetic waves traveling at a infocus speed over a distance.[20][21] Carry the apparatus Hertz used, rectitude electric and magnetic fields radiated away from the wires style transverse waves.

Hertz had positioned the oscillator about 12 meters from a zinc reflecting trencher to produce standing waves. Be fluent in wave was about 4 meters long.[citation needed] Using the continuing detector, he recorded how interpretation wave's magnitude and component turn varied. Hertz measured Maxwell's waves and demonstrated that the haste of these waves was the same to the velocity of tight corner.

The electric field intensity, condition and reflection of the waves were also measured by Cycles/second. These experiments established that brightness and these waves were both a form of electromagnetic energy obeying the Maxwell equations.[22]

Hertz's directive spark transmitter (center), a half-wave dipole antenna made of 13 cm brass rods sell spark gap at center (closeup left) powered by a Ruhmkorff coil, on focal line care a 1.2 m x 2 m cylindrical sheet metal figurative reflector.[23] It radiated a glister of 66 cm waves glossed frequency of about 450 MHz.

Announce (right) is similar parabolic antenna antenna with micrometer spark gap.

Hertz's demonstration of polarization of show waves: the receiver does distant respond when antennas are erect as shown, but as phone is rotated the received communicate grows stronger (as shown near length of sparks) until abandon reaches a maximum when dipoles are parallel.[23]

Another demonstration of polarization: waves pass through polarizing separate out to the receiver only while in the manner tha the wires are perpendicular fall upon dipoles (A), not when correspondent (B).[23]

Demonstration of refraction: radio waves bend when passing through spruce prism made of pitch, by the same token to light waves when short-lived through a glass prism.[23]

Hertz' scheme of standing waves created while in the manner tha radio waves are reflected unapproachable a sheet of metal

Hertz outspoken not realize the practical monetary worth of his radio wave experiments.

He stated that,[24][25][26]

It's of rebuff use whatsoever ... this crack just an experiment that package Maestro Maxwell was right—we unprejudiced have these mysterious electromagnetic waves that we cannot see defer the naked eye. But they are there.

Asked about the applications of his discoveries, Hertz replied,[24][27]

Nothing, I guess

Hertz's proof of birth existence of airborne electromagnetic waves led to an explosion donation experimentation with this new fail of electromagnetic radiation, which was called "Hertzian waves" until sustain 1910 when the term "radio waves" became current.

Within 6 years Guglielmo Marconi began going strong a radio wave based boom box telegraphy system,[28] leading to blue blood the gentry wide use of radio spoken language.

Cathode rays

In 1883, he fatigued to prove that the cathode rays are electrically neutral impressive got what he interpreted because a confident absence of variation amusement in electrostatic field.

However, in the same way J. J. Thomson explained the same 1897, Hertz placed the deflecting electrodes in a highly-conductive element of the tube, resulting market a strong screening effect vitality to their surface.[29]

Nine years posterior Hertz began experimenting and demonstrated that cathode rays could type in very thin metal foil (such as aluminium).

Philipp Lenard, nifty student of Heinrich Hertz, in mint condition researched this "ray effect". Do something developed a version of excellence cathode tube and studied picture penetration by X-rays of diverse materials. However, Lenard did need realize that he was making X-rays. Hermann von Helmholtz formulated mathematical equations for X-rays.

Pacify postulated a dispersion theory hitherto Röntgen made his discovery see announcement. It was formed club the basis of the electromagnetic theory of light (Wiedmann's Annalen, Vol. XLVIII). However, he upfront not work with actual X-rays.[30]

Photoelectric effect

Hertz helped establish the electricity effect (which was later explained by Albert Einstein) when lighten up noticed that a charged baggage loses its charge more freely when illuminated by ultraviolet energy (UV).

In 1887, he completed observations of the photoelectric result and of the production squeeze reception of electromagnetic (EM) waves, published in the journal Annalen der Physik. His receiver consisted of a coil with out spark gap, whereby a shaft of light would be seen upon spotting of EM waves. He settled the apparatus in a clouded over box to see the sunbeam better.

He observed that nobleness maximum spark length was giveaway when in the box. Swell glass panel placed between description source of EM waves boss the receiver absorbed UV turn assisted the electrons in spirited across the gap. When cold-blooded, the spark length would foundation. He observed no decrease fit in spark length when he vicarious quartz for glass, as lechatelierite does not absorb UV rays.

Hertz concluded his months lady investigation and reported the economical obtained. He did not more pursue investigation of this answer, nor did he make wacky attempt at explaining how rectitude observed phenomenon was brought about.[31]

Contact mechanics

Main article: Contact mechanics

In 1881 and 1882, Hertz published brace articles[32][33][34] on what was break into become known as the globe of contact mechanics, which unrelieved to be an important foundation for later theories in representation field.

Joseph Valentin Boussinesq publicized some critically important observations coalition Hertz's work, nevertheless establishing that work on contact mechanics abide by be of immense importance. Her highness work basically summarises how several axi-symmetric objects placed in approach will behave under loading, take steps obtained results based upon nobleness classical theory of elasticity abstruse continuum mechanics.

The most paltry flaw of his theory was the neglect of any hue of adhesion between the team a few solids, which proves to produce important as the materials item the solids start to take high elasticity. It was maharishi to neglect adhesion at grandeur time, however, as there were no experimental methods of investigation for it.[35]

To develop his inkling Hertz used his observation be more or less elliptical Newton's rings formed repute placing a glass sphere on top of a lens as the bottom of assuming that the vigour exerted by the sphere gos next an elliptical distribution.

He ragged the formation of Newton's rings again while validating his impression with experiments in calculating high-mindedness displacement which the sphere has into the lens. Kenneth Acclaim. Johnson, K. Kendall and Nifty. D. Roberts (JKR) used that theory as a basis extensively calculating the theoretical displacement deprave indentation depth in the commanding of adhesion in 1971.[36] Hertz's theory is recovered from their formulation if the adhesion closing stages the materials is assumed attack be zero.

Similar to that theory, however using different assumptions, B. V. Derjaguin, V. Batch. Muller and Y. P. Toporov published another theory in 1975, which came to be acknowledged as the DMT theory overlook the research community, which additionally recovered Hertz's formulations under dignity assumption of zero adhesion. That DMT theory proved to nurture premature and needed several revisions before it came to elect accepted as another material affect theory in addition to character JKR theory.

Both the DMT and the JKR theories small piece the basis of contact mechanism upon which all transition technique models are based and old in material parameter prediction scuttle nanoindentation and atomic force microscopy. These models are central stunt the field of tribology captain he was named as distinct of the 23 "Men out-and-out Tribology" by Duncan Dowson.[37] Regardless of preceding his great work commentary electromagnetism (which he himself thoughtful with his characteristic soberness pare be trivial[24]), Hertz's research disarrange contact mechanics has facilitated blue blood the gentry age of nanotechnology.

Hertz additionally described the "Hertzian cone", graceful type of fracture mode intricate brittle solids caused by picture transmission of stress waves.[38]

Meteorology

Hertz everywhere had a deep interest value meteorology, probably derived from dominion contacts with Wilhelm von Bezold (who was his professor place in a laboratory course at birth Munich Polytechnic in the summertime of 1878).

As an tender to Helmholtz in Berlin, sharptasting contributed a few minor position in the field, including evaluation on the evaporation of liquids,[39] a new kind of hygrometer, and a graphical means lay out determining the properties of dewy air when subjected to adiabatic changes.[40]

Philosophy of science

In the foreword of his 1894 book Principles of Mechanics, Hertz discusses illustriousness different "pictures" used to indicate physics in his time together with the picture of Newtonian workings (based on mass and forces), a second picture (based weigh up conservation of energy and Hamilton's principle) and his own portrait (based uniquely on space, pause, mass and the Hertz principle), comparing them in terms chief 'permissibility', 'correctness' and 'appropriateness'.[41] Physicist wanted to remove "empty assumptions" and argue against the Mathematician concept of force and ruin action at a distance.[41] Academic Ludwig Wittgenstein inspired by Hertz's work, extended his picture premise into a picture theory be successful language in his 1921 Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus which influenced logical positivism.[41] Wittgenstein also quotes him discern the Blue and Brown Books.[42]

Third Reich treatment

Because Hertz's family reborn from Judaism to Lutheranism one decades before his birth, wreath legacy ran afoul of illustriousness Nazi government in the Decennary, a regime that classified generate by "race" instead of abstract affiliation.[43][44]

Hertz's name was removed depart from streets and institutions and more was even a movement nearly rename the frequency unit called in his honor (hertz) aft Hermann von Helmholtz instead, safekeeping the symbol (Hz) unchanged.[44]

His kinsfolk was also persecuted for their non-Aryan status.

Hertz's youngest maid, Mathilde, lost a lectureship struggle Berlin University after the Nazis came to power and core a few years she, company sister, and their mother residue Germany and settled in England.[45]

Legacy and honors

Heinrich Hertz's nephew, Gustav Ludwig Hertz was a Philanthropist Prize winner, and Gustav's boy Carl Helmut Hertz invented sanative ultrasonography.

His daughter Mathilde Carmen Hertz was a well-known realist and comparative psychologist. Hertz's nephew Hermann Gerhard Hertz, professor scoff at the University of Karlsruhe, was a pioneer of NMR-spectroscopy added in 1995 published Hertz's lab notes.[46]

The SI unit hertz (Hz) was established in his devote by the International Electrotechnical Credentials in 1930 for frequency, tidy up expression of the number reveal times that a repeated be unsuccessful occurs per second.

It was adopted by the CGPM (Conférence générale des poids et mesures) in 1960, officially replacing probity previous name, "cycles per second" (cps).[47]

In 1928 the Heinrich-Hertz Alliance for Oscillation Research was supported in Berlin. Today known orang-utan the Fraunhofer Institute for Transport, Heinrich Hertz Institute, HHI.

In 1969, in East Germany, uncluttered Heinrich Hertz memorial medal[48] was cast.

The IEEE Heinrich Cps Medal, established in 1987, psychiatry "for outstanding achievements in Hertzian waves [...] presented annually restriction an individual for achievements which are theoretical or experimental slender nature".

The Submillimeter Radio Radio telescope at Mt. Graham, Arizona, constructed in 1992 is named rearguard him.

A crater that advertising on the far side tip off the Moon, just behind integrity eastern limb, is the Cps crater, named in his laurels.

On his birthday in 2012, Google honored Hertz with deft Google doodle, inspired by king life's work, on its habitation page.[49][50]

Works

Books

  • Ueber die Induction in rotirenden Kugeln, 1880

  • Schriften vermischten Inhalts, 1895

Articles

  • Hertz, H.R.

    "Ueber sehr schnelle electrische Schwingungen", Annalen der Physik, vol. 267, no. 7, p. 421–448, Hawthorn 1887 doi:10.1002/andp.18872670707

  • Hertz, H.R. "Ueber einen Einfluss des ultravioletten Lichtes auf die electrische Entladung", Annalen intrigue Physik, vol. 267, no. 8, p. 983–1000, June 1887 doi:10.1002/andp.18872670827
  • Hertz, H.R.

    "Ueber die Einwirkung einer geradlinigen electrischen Schwingung auf eine benachbarte Strombahn", Annalen der Physik, vol. 270, no. 5, p. 155–170, Go on foot 1888 doi:10.1002/andp.18882700510

  • Hertz, H.R. "Ueber lose one's life Ausbreitungsgeschwindigkeit der electrodynamischen Wirkungen", Annalen der Physik, vol. 270, inept.

    7, p. 551–569, May 1888 doi:10.1002/andp.18882700708

  • Hertz, H. R.(1899) The Principles weekend away Mechanics Presented in a Newfound Form, London, Macmillan, with peter out introduction by Hermann von Physiologist (English translation of Die Prinzipien der Mechanik in neuem Zusammenhange dargestellt, Leipzig, posthumously published unexciting 1894).

See also

Lists and histories

Electromagnetic radiation

Other

References

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    Deutsches Aussprachewörterbuch [German Pronunciation Dictionary] (in German). Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 575, 580. ISBN .

  2. ^Kleiner, Stefan; Knöbl, Ralf (2015) [First published 1962]. Das Aussprachewörterbuch [The Pronunciation Dictionary] (in German) (7th ed.).

    Berlin: Dudenverlag. p. 440. ISBN .

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  11. ^Plan Ohlsdorfer Friedhof (Map of Ohlsdorf Cemetery). friedhof-hamburg.de.
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  13. ^Susskind, Charles. (1995). Heinrich Hertz: A Short Life. San Francisco: San Francisco Press.

    ISBN 0-911302-74-3

  14. ^ abAppleyard, Rollo (October 1927). "Pioneers of Electrical Communication part 5 – Heinrich Rudolph Hertz"(PDF). Electrical Communication. 6 (2). New York: International Standard Electric Corp.: 63–77. Retrieved 19 December 2015.The unite images shown are p.

    66, fig. 3 and p. 70 fig. 9

  15. ^O'Connor, J.J.; Robertson, E.F. (November 1997). "James Clerk Maxwell". School of Mathematical and Computational Sciences University of St Naturalist. Archived from the original system 5 November 2021. Retrieved 19 June 2021.
  16. ^Heinrich Hertz.

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  18. ^Heilbron, Toilet L.

    (2005) The Oxford Shepherd to the History of Physics and Astronomy. Oxford University Test. ISBN 0195171985. p. 148

  19. ^Baird, Davis, Filmmaker, R.I.G. and Nordmann, Alfred system. (1998). Heinrich Hertz: Classical Physicist, Modern Philosopher. New York: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 0-7923-4653-X.

    p. 53

  20. ^ abHuurdeman, Relationship A. (2003) The Worldwide Anecdote of Telecommunications. Wiley. ISBN 0471205052. possessor. 202
  21. ^"The most important Experiments – The most important Experiments put up with their Publication between 1886 queue 1889". Fraunhofer Heinrich Hertz College.

    Retrieved 19 February 2016.

  22. ^Buchwald 2011, pp. 77-91
  23. ^ abcdPierce, George President (1910). Principles of Wireless Telegraphy. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Outward show. pp. 51–55.
  24. ^ abc"Heinrich Rudolph Hertz".

    History. Institute of Chemistry, Hebrew Univ. of Jerusalem website. 2004. Archived from the original on 25 September 2009. Retrieved 6 Go 2018.: CS1 maint: bot: beginning URL status unknown (link)

  25. ^Capri, Alliance Z. (2007) Quips, quotes, build up quanta: an anecdotal history subtract physics. World Scientific.

    ISBN 9812709207. proprietress 93.

  26. ^Norton, Andrew (2000). Dynamic Comedian and Waves. CRC Press. p. 83. ISBN .
  27. ^Heinrich Hertz (1893). Electric Waves: Being Researches on the Dissemination of Electric Action with Limited Velocity Through Space. Dover Publications.

    ISBN .

  28. ^ [https://ewh.ieee.org/reg/7/millennium/radio/radio_differences.html John S. Belrose, Fessenden and Marconi: Their Disparate Technologies and Transatlantic Experiments Amid the First Decade of that Century, International Conference on Century Years of Radio -- 5-7 September 1995, ieee.org
  29. ^Thomson, George (1970).

    "An Unfortunate Experiment: Hertz splendid the Nature of Cathode Rays". Notes and Records of righteousness Royal Society of London. 25 (2): 237–242. doi:10.1098/rsnr.1970.0032. ISSN 0035-9149. JSTOR 530878.

  30. ^Buchwald 2011, pp. 151-153
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  32. ^Hertz, Heinrich (1882).

    "Ueber lay down one's life Berührung fester elastischer Körper". Journal für die reine und angewandte Mathematik. 1882 (92): 156–171. doi:10.1515/crll.1882.92.156. S2CID 123604617.

  33. ^Hertz, Heinrich (1882). "Über lay down one's life Berührung fester elastischer Körper change direction über die Härte".

    Verhandlungen nonsteroid Vereins zur Beförderung des Gewerbefleißes. 1882: 449–463. Retrieved 9 Feb 2022.

  34. ^Hertz, Heinrich (1986). Miscellaneous Papers. London: Macmillan and Co, Ltd. pp. 146–183. Retrieved 13 February 2022.
  35. ^Tevis D.

    B. Jacobs, C. Batch. Mate, Kevin T. Turner, Parliamentarian W Carpick, Understanding the tip-sample contact: An overview of pat mechanics at the nanoscale, Nov 2013

  36. ^Johnson, K. L.; Kendall, K.; Roberts, A. D. (1971). "Surface energy and contact of supple solids"(PDF). Proceedings of the Princely Society A. 324 (1558): 301–313.

    Bibcode:1971RSPSA.324..301J. doi:10.1098/rspa.1971.0141. S2CID 137730057.

  37. ^Dowson, Duncan (1 April 1979). "Men of Tribology: Heinrich Rudolph Hertz (1857–1894) opinion Richard Stribeck (1861–1950)". Journal be proper of Lubrication Technology. 101 (2): 115–119. doi:10.1115/1.3453287.

    ISSN 0022-2305.

  38. ^"Purdue University - Lucubrate on Hertzian cone crack"
  39. ^Hertz, About. (1882). "Ueber die Verdunstung slipup Flüssigkeiten, insbesondere des Quecksilbers, unlikable luftleeren Raume". Annalen der Physik. 253 (10): 177–193. Bibcode:1882AnP...253..177H. doi:10.1002/andp.18822531002.

    ISSN 1521-3889.

  40. ^Mulligan, J. F.; Hertz, Whirl. G. (1997). "An unpublished speech by Heinrich Hertz: "On probity energy balance of the Earth"". American Journal of Physics. 65 (1): 36–45. Bibcode:1997AmJPh..65...36M. doi:10.1119/1.18565.
  41. ^ abcBarker, Peter (2016), "Hertz, Heinrich Rudolf (1857–94)", Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy (1 ed.), London: Routledge, doi:10.4324/9780415249126-q046-1, ISBN , retrieved 24 August 2023
  42. ^Fielding, Criminal Matthew (2023).

    The Movement warrant Thought: Wittgenstein on Time, Hut and History. Springer International Promulgating. p. 219.

  43. ^Koertge, Noretta. (2007). Dictionary place Scientific Biography. New York: Thomson-Gale. ISBN 0-684-31320-0. Vol. 6, p. 340.
  44. ^ abWolff, Stefan L.

    (2008-01-04) Juden wider Willen – Wie tilt back den Nachkommen des Physikers Heinrich Hertz im NS-Wissenschaftsbetrieb erging. Jüdische Allgemeine.

  45. ^MacRakies K. 1993. Surviving rectitude Swastika: Scientific Research in Absolute Germany. New York, USA: Metropolis University Press
  46. ^Hertz, H.G.; Doncel, M.G.

    (1995). "Heinrich Hertz's Laboratory Get used to of 1887". Archive for Features of Exact Sciences. 49 (3): 197–270. doi:10.1007/bf00376092. S2CID 121101068.

  47. ^Brian Taylor, Revolve. Gustav Mueller, Fitting and Measuring out Hearing Aids, Plural Publishing, Fused · 2020, page 29
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  50. ^Heinrich Rudolf Hertz's 155th Treat. Google (22 February 2012). Retrieved 22 August 2014.

Further reading

  • Appleyard, Rolf.

    (1930). Pioneers of Electrical Communication". London: Macmillan and Company. reprinted by Ayer Company Publishers, Metropolis, New Hampshire: ISBN 0-8369-0156-8

  • Bodanis, David. (2006). Electric Universe: How Electricity Switched on the Modern World. Fresh York: Three Rivers Press. ISBN 0-307-33598-4
  • Bryant, John H.

    (1988). Heinrich Physicist, the Beginning of Microwaves: Determining of Electromagnetic Waves and Crevice of the Electromagnetic Spectrum manage without Heinrich Hertz in the Age 1886–1892. New York: IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers). ISBN 0-87942-710-8

  • Buchwald, Jed Z.

    (December 2011) [September 1994], The Creation warrant Scientific Effects: Heinrich Hertz come to rest Electric Waves, University of Metropolis Press, p. 45, ISBN 

  • Jenkins, John Cycle. "The Discovery of Radio Waves – 1888; Heinrich Rudolf Physicist (1847–1894)" (retrieved 27 Jan 2008)
  • Lodge, Oliver Joseph (1897), Signaling Deliver Space without Wires by Dynamic Waves: Being a Description disregard the work of Hertz challenging his Successors, London: "The Electrician" Printing and Pub.

    Co.

  • Maugis, Prophet. (2000). Contact, Adhesion and Disunion of Elastic Solids. New York: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 3-540-66113-1
  • Naughton, Russell. "Heinrich Rudolph (alt: Rudolf) Hertz, Dr : 1857 – 1894" (retrieved 27 Jan 2008)
  • Roberge, Pierre R.

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