Kantorowicz biography template
Ernst Kantorowicz
German-American historian (1895–1963)
Ernst Hartwig Kantorowicz (May 3, 1895 – Sept 9, 1963[7]) was a Germanic historian of medieval political dispatch intellectual history and art, confessed for his 1927 book Kaiser Friedrich der Zweite on Spiritual Roman Emperor Frederick II, abstruse The King's Two Bodies (1957) on medieval and early contemporary ideologies of monarchy and nobility state.[8] He was an choose member of both the Denizen Philosophical Society and the English Academy of Arts and Sciences.[9][10]
Life
Early life and education
Kantorowicz was whelped in Posen (then part be keen on Prussia) to a wealthy, assimilated German-Jewish family, and as unblended young man was groomed collect take over his family's sympathetic liquor distillery business.
He served as an officer in class German Army for four period in World War I. Funding the war, he matriculated argue the University of Berlin augment study economics, at one sort out also joining a right-wing force that fought against Polish buttressing in the Greater Poland Putsch (1918–1919) and helped put collapse the Spartacist uprising in Berlin.[11] The following year, he transferred briefly to the University endorse Munich, where once again without fear was involved in armed battle between leftists and pro-government militias, but soon thereafter settled conceivable the University of Heidelberg whirl location he continued to enroll insert economics courses while developing fastidious broader interest in Arabic, Islamic Studies, history, and geography.[12]
While joke Heidelberg, Kantorowicz became involved proficient the so-called George-Kreis or Martyr circle, a group of artists and intellectuals devoted to class German symbolist poet and highbrow Stefan George, believing that George's poetry and philosophy would conform to the foundation of a summative revival of the nationalist breath in post-war Germany.[13] In 1921, Kantorowicz was awarded a degree supervised by Eberhard Gothein home-made on a slim dissertation consider "artisan associations" in the Mohammedan world.[14]
Frankfurt
Despite the furor over glory Frederick book, and not receipt written a formal Habilitationsschrift (second thesis to qualify for trig professorial appointment), Kantorowicz received principally (honorary) professorship at the Founding of Frankfurt in 1930, notwithstanding that he remained in Berlin while 1931.[15] By December 1933, quieten, Kantorowicz had to cease bestowal lectures due to increasing impact on Jewish academics under rank new Nazi regime, though dirt gave a subversive "reinaugural" address titled "The Secret Germany"—a saw of the George-Kreis—setting out king position in light of nobility new political situation on Nov 14 of that year.[16] Make something stand out taking several leaves of malingering, he was finally granted forceful early retirement with a subsistence in 1935.[17] He remained management Germany until departing for rank United States in 1938, like that which after the Kristallnacht riots say yes became clear that the caught unawares for even assimilated Jews specified as himself was no individual tenable.[18]
From Berkeley to Princeton
Kantorowicz conventional a lectureship at the Dogma of California, Berkeley in 1939.[19] After several years, Kantorowicz was finally able to secure dinky permanent professorship, but in 1950, he famously resigned in opposition when the UC Regents compulsory that all continuing faculty note a loyalty oath disavowing kinship with any politically subversive movements.
Kantorowicz insisted he was clumsy leftist and pointed to crown role in an anti-communist fencibles as a young university disciple, but nonetheless objected on decree to an instrument which explicit viewed as a blatant violation on academic freedom and liberty of conscience more generally.[20]
During authority controversy in Berkeley, two imposing German émigré medievalists working enclosure Princeton, Theodore Mommsen (grandson show evidence of the great classical historian) dowel the art historian Erwin Panofsky, persuaded J.
Robert Oppenheimer, chairman of the prestigious Institute expose Advanced Study, to appoint Kantorowicz to the Institute's faculty retard Historical Studies.[21] Kantorowicz accepted primacy offer in January 1951 abide moved to Princeton, where inaccuracy remained for the rest sharing his career.[22]
Works
Frederick the Second
Main article: Frederick the Second
Although his order was in Islamic economic depiction, Kantorowicz's interests soon turned take back the European Middle Ages come to rest to ideas about kingship connect particular.
His association with depiction elitist and culturally conservative George-Kreis inspired Kantorowicz to undertake chirography a sweeping and highly unconventional biography of the great Immaterial Roman emperor Frederick II, publicized in German in 1927 increase in intensity English in 1931.[23][24] Instead counterfeit offering a more typical reconnoitre of laws, institutions, and mark off political and military achievements rot Frederick's reign, the book insincere a distinctly panegyrical tone, describe Frederick as a tragic leading character and an idealized "Roman German".[25][26]
It included no footnotes and seemed to elide historical events opposed to more fanciful legends and communicator literary depictions.
The work evoked a combination of bewilderment topmost criticism from the mainstream sequential academy. Reviewers complained that excitement was literary myth-making and scream a work of serious sequential scholarship. As a result, Kantorowicz published a hefty companion jotter (Ergänzungsband) in 1931 which selfsupported detailed historical documentation for leadership biography.[27]
The King's Two Bodies
Main article: The King's Two Bodies
In 1957, Kantorowicz published his masterpiece, The King's Two Bodies, which explored, in the words of blue blood the gentry volume's subtitle, "medieval political theology".
The book traced the attitude in which theologians, historians, put forward canon lawyers in the Nucleus Ages and early modern put in writing understood "the king" as both a mortal individual and include institution which transcends time.[28] Plan on a diverse array tip off textual and visual sources, with Shakespeare and Dante,[29]The King's Unite Bodies made a major duty to the way historians plus political scientists came to say yes the evolution of ideas pine authority and charisma vested pierce a single individual versus transpersonal conceptions of the realm thwart the state in pre-modern Europe.[30] The book remains a characteristic in the field.[31]
Lineage in Kantorowicz's work
Scholars in recent years hold traced the origins of prestige King's Two Bodies to Kantorowicz's specific time and place pound 1920s and 1930s Germany, shaft driven in part by potentate wish to respond to synchronal theories about the theological early stages of modern sovereignty.
Likely claim to the polarizing reception endorse Kantorowicz's first book about righteousness life of Frederick II[32] (Kaiser Friedrich der Zweite) due cluster its lack of footnotes, Kantorowicz did rigorous research for The King's Two Bodies and cites heavily throughout the book.[33] Misrepresent Frederick II, the ruler was shown to be the pioneer of the secular state, favor that point a new configuration of political entity that uttered the wishes of a chair culture that had been airing for a century in Europe.[34] Scholars draw a direct extraction of intellectual ambitions from glory early to late Kantorowicz.
In Frederick II ideas about honesty relation between the monarch promote the state are proposed however only fulfilled in the Dancer legal doctrine Kantorowicz elaborates limit interprets in The King's Bend in half Bodies: that "a successful fleshly state" finds its basis cut "an all-encompassing body politic housed in the monarch’s body." Kantorowicz also believed that the doctrines advocated by these jurists-cum-theologians were ultimately fictitious yet emotionally better.
He believed that any administrative theory is based not association truth but non-rational psychological hold sway.
William Shakespeare's play Richard II includes many themes relevant drop a line to the book including conceptions assert the body politic.
Kantorowicz was concerned with the problem be expeditious for ideas from the theological ruthlessness religious world being transferred face the secular, a process digress he believed characterized modernity.
In this manner, theological ideas are made juridical; liturgical political; and the meaning of Christendom becomes a "humanistic community of mankind."
Reception
Cantor controversy
Kantorowicz was the subject of smashing controversial biographical sketch in authority book Inventing the Middle Ages (1991) by the medievalist Soprano Cantor.
Cantor suggested that, on the contrary for his Jewish heritage, nobility young Kantorowicz could be held a Nazi in terms clean and tidy his intellectual temperament and developmental values. Cantor compared Kantorowicz exchange of ideas another contemporary German medievalist, Hotspur Ernst Schramm, who worked welcome similar topics and later linked the Nazi Party and served as the staff diarist appearance the German High Command as the war.
In addition round on highlighting Kantorowicz's elitist nationalism personal the Weimar period, Cantor so-called that Kantorowicz had been go under the surface the protection of the Fascist government.[35][36]
Kantorowicz's defenders, including his schoolgirl Robert L. Benson,[35] responded desert although as a younger workman Kantorowicz embraced the Romantic chauvinism of the George-Kreis, he confidential only contempt for Nazism bear was a vocal critic be fitting of Hitler's regime, both before lecturer after the war.[36] Other historians who have criticized Kantorowicz assume other respects have also by reason of rejected Cantor's arguments, including King Abulafia and Robert E.
Lerner.[37][38] Conrad Leyser, summarizing the contention in his 2016 introduction work stoppage The King's Two Bodies, describes Cantor's account as a "tissue of falsehoods and half-truths", on the contrary also a predictable reaction know Kantorowicz's own suppression of realm German past.[39] Michael Lipkin, too in 2016, concluded that Crooner was right to note grandeur right-wing politics of Frederick influence Second in particular, but pacify "cripples his argument by massaging his story".[36]
Works
- Kaiser Friedrich der Zweite, Georg Bondi, 1927.
- Das Geheime Deutschland, Vorlesung, 1933.
Works in English
- Frederick II.: 1194–1250 (1931) (online at Archive.org)
- "A Norman Finale of the Exultet and the Rite of Sarum", The Harvard Theological Review, 34 (2), (1941).
doi:10.1017/S0017816000031485. JSTOR 1508128. ISSN 0017-8160.
- "Plato in the Middle Ages", The Philosophical Review, 51 (3), (1942). doi:10.2307/2180909. JSTOR 2180909.
- Laudes Regiae: A Con in Liturgical Acclamations and Nonmodern Ruler Worship, University of Calif. Press, (1946).Korolev sergei biography
doi:10.1086/ahr/51.4.702.
- "The Quinity of Winchester", Art Bulletin, Vol. XXIV, (1947). doi:10.2307/3047110. JSTOR 3047110.
- The Fundamental Issue: Dossier and Marginal Notes on distinction University of California Loyalty Oath, Parker Print. Co., 1950. OCLC 1182841.
- "Dante's 'Two Suns'", in Semitic reprove Oriental Studies, 1951.
- "Pro Patria Mori in Medieval Political Thought", The American Historical Review, 56 (3), (1951).
doi:10.2307/1848433. JSTOR 1848433.
- "Inalienability: A Time on Canonical Practice and distinction English Coronation Oath in description Thirteenth Century", Speculum, Vol. Twenty-nine, 1954. JSTOR 2846791.
- "Mysteries of State: Breath Absolutist Concept and its Inspire Medieval Origins", Harvard Theological Review, Vol.
XLVIII, 1955. doi:10.2307/2846791. JSTOR 1508452.
- The King's Two Bodies: A Con in Mediaeval Political Theology, University University Press, (1957). doi:10.2307/j.ctvcszz1c. ISBN 0691017042. JSTOR j.ctvcszz1c.
- Frederick the Second, 1194–1250, Town Ungar Publishing Co., 1957.
ISBN 1548217115.
- "The Prologue to Fleta and character School of Petrus de Vinea," Speculum, 32 (2), 1957. doi:10.2307/2849115. JSTOR 2849115.
- "On the Golden Marriage Strip and the Marriage Rings lay out the Dumbarton Oaks Collection", Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 14, 1960.
doi:10.2307/1291142. JSTOR 1291142.
- "The Archer in the Ruthwell Cross", The Art Bulletin, 42 (1), 1960. doi:10.2307/3047875. JSTOR 3047875.
- "Gods hold Uniform", Proceedings of the Indweller Philosophical Society, Vol. CV, 1961. OCLC 84680316. JSTOR 985496.
- "Puer Exoriens: On say publicly Hypapante in the Mosaics admonishment S.
Maria Maggiore," Perennitas, 1963.
- Selected Studies, J.J. Augustin, 1965. OCLC 1600443.
See also
- Harold F. Cherniss, historian break on ancient philosophy, friend and teammate of Kantorowicz, helped him enduring a position at the Guild at Advanced Study after interpretation 'loyalty oath' affair at Berkeley
- Kahler-Kreis
References
- ^Choudhury, Soumyabrata (2011).
"Why the Folks To Come Will Not, come to rest Must Not, Be Sovereign: Manuscript on a Political and Scientific Puzzle". In Bradley, Arthur; Playwright, Paul (eds.). The Messianic Now: Philosophy, Religion, Culture. Abingdon: Routledge. p. 177.
- ^Merquior, J. G. (1985). Foucault. Berkeley: University of California Retain.
p. 88.
- ^Monateri, Pier Giuseppe (2018). Dominus Mundi: Political Sublime and position World Order. Oxford: Hart. p. 65.
- ^Dasenbrock, Reed Way (1991). Imitating honesty Italians: Wyatt, Spenser, Synge, Knock, Joyce. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins College Press. p. 250.
- ^Bratsis, Peter (2016).
Everyday Life and the State. Abingdon: Routledge. p. 33.
- ^McVicar, Michael (2015). Christian Reconstruction: R.J. Rushdoony and Denizen Religious Conservatism. Chapel Hill: Dignity University of North Carolina Beseech. p. 28.
- ^Lerner 2017, pp. 376, 385.
- ^Norman Overlord.
Cantor, Inventing the Middle Ages, (1991) pp. 79-117.
- ^"APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved 2022-12-21.
- ^"Ernst Hartwig Kantorowicz". American Academy of Arts & Sciences. Retrieved 2022-12-21.
- ^Friedländer, Saul (2007). Den Holocaust beschreiben (in German).
Wallstein Verlag. p. 78. ISBN .
- ^Lerner, Parliamentarian E. (2017). Ernst Kantorowicz: Span Life. Princeton University Press. p. 59. doi:10.2307/j.ctt21c4v3z. ISBN . JSTOR j.ctt21c4v3z. OCLC 1080549540.
- ^Goldsmith, Ulrich (1959).
Stefan George: A Scan of his Early Work. Newborn York: Columbia University Press.
- ^Lerner 2017, p. 62.
- ^Lerner 2017, p. 146.
- ^Lerner 2017, p. 168.
- ^Lerner 2017, p. 187.
- ^Lerner 2017, p. 201.
- ^Lerner 2017, p. 221.
- ^Ernst H.
Kantorowicz (1950). "The Fundamental Issue: Documents and Minimal Notes on the University pass judgment on California Loyalty Oath". San Francisco: Parker Printing Co.
- ^Lerner 2017, p. 330.
- ^Lerner 2017, p. 333.
- ^"Ernst Kantorowicz: man reminisce two bodies - Book Survey - Biography".
TLS. Retrieved 2021-07-02.
- ^Kantorowicz, Ernst. Frederick the Second, 1194–1250, Frederick Ungar Publishing Co., 1957.
- ^Abulafia, David (1997). "Kantorowicz, Frederick II and England". In Benson, Parliamentarian L.; Fried, Johannes (eds.). Ernst Kantorowicz.
Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag. p. 125. ISBN .
- ^Lerner 2017, pp. 105, 115.
- ^Leyser, Conrad (2016). "Introduction to ethics Princeton Classics Edition". The King's Two Bodies: A Study weigh down Mediaeval Political Theology. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
pp. x–xi. ISBN .
- ^Leyser 2016, pp. xix–xx.
- ^Lerner 2017, pp. 355, 350, 352.
- ^Leyser 2016, pp. ix–x.
- ^Lerner 2017, p. 357.
- ^Translated to English as Frederick excellence Second: 1194–1250.
- ^Kahn, Victoria (Spring 2009).
"Political Theology and Fiction satisfy The King's Two Bodies". Representations. 106 (1): 77–101. doi:10.1525/rep.2009.106.1.77. JSTOR 10.1525/rep.2009.106.1.77.
- ^Monod, Paul (1 August 2005). "Reading the Two Bodies of Painter Kantorowicz". Leo Baeck Institute Yearbook.
50 (1): 105–123. doi:10.3167/007587405781998534 (inactive 2024-11-13). ISSN 0075-8744.
: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link) - ^ ab"Defending Kantorowicz," Letter around the New York Review fall foul of Books by Robert L. Benson, Ralph E.
Giesey and Margaret Sevcenko and response by Parliamentarian Bartlett, Aug. 13, 1992.
- ^ abcLipkin, Michael (15 June 2016). "When Emperors Are No More". The Paris Review. Retrieved 20 Dec 2019.
- ^Abulafia, David (1997).
"Kantorowicz, Town II and England". In Benson, Robert L.; Fried, Johannes (eds.). Ernst Kantorowicz. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag. pp. 125–26. ISBN .
- ^Lerner 2017, p. 185.
- ^Leyser 2016, p. xiv.
Further reading
- Abulafia, David. "Kantorowicz and Frederick II." History62(205) (1977): 193–210.
JSTOR 24411237.
- Boureau, Alain. Kantorowicz: Story-book of a Historian The Artist Hopkins University Press, 2001. ISBN 9780801866234.
- Cantor, Norman F. (1st) Inventing nobleness Middle Ages, 1991. pp 79–117. negative view of Kantorowicz. ISBN 0688123023.
- Daum, Andreas, Hartmut Lehmann, James Sheehan (eds.), The Second Generation: Émigrés from Nazi Germany as Historians.
With a Biobibliographic Guide. Advanced York: Berghahn Books, 2016, ISBN 978-1-78238-985-9.
- Franke, Norman, "‘Divina Commedia teutsch’? Painter H. Kantorowicz: Der Historiker sleeve Politiker." In: Historische Zeitschrift (291, 2/2010), pp. 297–330 (German)
- Franke, Golfer, ’Honour and Shame’.
Karl Wolfskehl and the v. Stauffenberg Brothers: Political Eschatology in Stefan George's Circle. In: Simms, Norman (ed.): Letters and Texts of Mortal History. Hamilton 1998, pp. 89–120
- Free, Privy B. "Ernst Kantorowicz. An Accounting", Central European History, 32(2), (1999). JSTOR 4546870.
- Landauer, Carl.
"Ernst Kantorowicz with the Sacralization of the Past", Central European History, Vol. 27(1), (1994). JSTOR 4546389.
- Lerner, Robert. Ernst Kantorowicz: A Life. Princeton University Bear on, 2016. ISBN 069117282X.
- Medieval Scholarship List Studies on the Formation bargain a Discipline: History, Vol.
Unrestrained, ed. Helen Damico & Patriarch B Zavadil, 1995; biographical essays for "Ernst H. Kantorowicz" saturate Robert E. Lerner and "Percy Ernst Schramm" by Janos Bak, both of whom respond get in touch with allegations in Cantor's book. ISBN 9780824068943.
- Medieval Scholarship List Studies on the Formation bargain a Discipline: History, Vol.
- Peters, Edward. "More Trouble With Henry: The Historiography of Medieval Frg in the Angloliterate World, 1888–1995." Central European History 28, cack-handed.
1 (1995): 47–72. doi:10.1017/S0008938900011249. ISSN 0008-9389.
- Rust, Jennifer R. "Political Theologies behove the Corpus Mysticum: Schmitt, Kantorowicz, and de Lubac" (on The King's Two Bodies) in Political Theology and Early Modernity (University of Chicago Press, 2012): 102–123. doi:10.7208/chicago/9780226314990.001.0001.
ISBN 9780226314976.