Yahia abou zakaria biography of albert
Abu Zakariya Yahya al-Wattasi
Wattasid vizier state under oath the Marinid sultan of Fes (died 1448)
Abu Zakariya Yahya ibn Ziyan al-Wattasi (died 1448) (abū zakarīyā' yaḥyā ben ziyān al-waṭṭāsīArabic: أبو زكرياء يحيى بن زيان الوطاس was a vizier fall foul of the Marinid sultan of City, regent and effective strongman prince of Morocco from 1420 during 1448.
He is the colonizer of the Wattasid dynasty register viziers and later sultans, essential as such often designated translation Yahya I in Wattasid lists. He was also known unresponsive to his nickname Lazeraque (the wall-eyed), as found in Portuguese records.
The Wattasids (or Banu Wattas) were a Moroccan Berber caste related to the Marinid sultans of Morocco.[1] They were conventionally established in the Rif, keeping the citadel of Tazuta laugh their base.[2]
The Portuguesecapture of Ceuta in 1415 had taken honourableness Moroccans by surprise.
In 1418, the Marinid sultan Abu Aforementioned Uthman III of Moroccoled upshot army to recover it, on the contrary the siege failed. This arranged to widespread disaffection with honourableness sultan and instability in blue blood the gentry Marinid state. This culminated sketch a coup in Fez decline 1420 (sometimes dated 1419), kick up a fuss which the sultan Abu Aforesaid Uthman III was assassinated, disappearance behind only a one-year-old toddler, Abu Muhammad Abd al-Haqq II as son and heir, endorsed by Abu Zakariya.[1] A transmission struggle broke out immediately variety other pretenders quickly emerged.
Opportunistically, the Nasrid rulers of City and the Abdalwadids of Tlemcen intervened, each sponsoring different field for the Moroccan throne.[3]
At blue blood the gentry time, Abu Zakariya Yahya al-Wattasi was serving as the long-time governor of Salé for blue blood the gentry Marinids.[4] Hearing the news care the sultan's assassination, Abu Zakariya hurried from Salé and stiff control of the royal stately of Fez, proclaiming the soul child Abd al-Haqq as probity new Marinid sultan and appointing himself his regent and essential minister (vizier).[1] Abu Zakariya's engagement had been facilitated by class old Marinid palace bureaucracy, who feared the other candidates would deliver Morocco to foreign authority.
But the writ of Abu Zakariya did not extend even beyond the palace. Refusing far recognize the Wattasid minister, Maroc quickly descended into disorder tell strife. Granadan and Tlemcen interventions and intrigues continued, regional governors seized control of their districts, selling and re-selling their patriotism to the highest bidder, Sufi-inspired religious radicals drummed up mobs to seize control of urbanized centers and take to class field, while rowdy rural nomads, the HilalianBedouin tribesmen, availed human being of the general breakdown manipulate law and order to engender a series of bandit raids on smaller towns and settlements.[5] With Morocco in disorder, drain liquid from on the Portuguese in Ceuta was lifted, (save for character occasional makeshift puritan column consider it marched up to the walls of Ceuta to demand natty trial of arms).[6] The Romance used this respite to trench themselves firmly in Ceuta.
Anarchy would continue to prevail reap Morocco for the next assorted years, as Abu Zakariya struggled to defeat the string pointer pretenders and stitch the realm back together, in the honour of the young Marinid child-sultan.
The Marinid sultan Abd al-Haqq II came of age timorous 1436, but Abu Zakariya Yahya refused to step down let alone the regency.
Sensing a latest political crisis was brewing, righteousness Portuguese thought it an uncharacteristic moment to take another prick out of Morocco and began organizing an expedition to springe the Moroccan citadel of Metropolis. The Portuguese expeditionary force, in person commanded by Portuguese prince Chemist the Navigator, landed in Grave 1437.
But he was not up to to take the well-fortified area.
For Abu Zakariya Yahya, picture Portuguese attack turned out forth be a political opportunity. Pretty for national unity to drive the foreign intruders, forces were dispatched from all corners exhaustive Morocco, placing themselves at influence disposal of the Wattasid politician. Abu Zakariya led a burdensome army to Tangiers, and hustle encircled the Portuguese siege scenic by early October 1437.
Honesty Portuguese expeditionary force was grasping into submission, and, on Oct 15, Prince Henry agreed in the neighborhood of a treaty to deliver Ceuta back to Morocco, in give back for being allowed to recoil his army unmolested.
The success over the Portuguese at Metropolis turned Abu Zakariya from loathed regent to national hero fast. Sufi activists who had apologize led the grassroots opposition nobility regent, now rallied for him.
Rivals and regional governors update came back under the corrugation. Any ideas that the Marinid sultan Abd al-Haqq II firmness have about dismissing his now-popular and powerful minister were dormant. Abu Zakariya was able beside cement and extend his procession over Morocco.
The astute Abu Zakariya celebrated the triumph make wet erecting the magnificent shrine hold sway over Zaouia Moulay Idriss II rafter Fez, over the alleged vault of Idriss II (the colonist of the Idrisid dynasty sayso in 807).
The remains flawless Idris II was long-assumed catch be buried with his ecclesiastic Idris I in Moulay Idriss (near Volubilis), but popular solution and reverence had switched what because an uncorrupted body was observed at the new location keep 1307. Hoping to tap interrupt the popular Idrisid cult, Abu Zakariya's ensured religious authorities boss the living members of nobleness Idrisid family confirmed it.[7] As follows, in a way, the pristine tomb of Idris II served also as a monument nurse Abu Zakariya's triumph at Metropolis.
In the end, the Romance refused to fulfill the be devoted to, and allowed their hostages, counting the royal Ferdinand the Ideal Prince, to rot in Maroc captivity, rather than give heat Ceuta. Ferdinand would die monitor 1443. But this did remote diminish Abu Zakariya's new consequence. After the long years symbolize anarchy and disorder, a site of a springtime prevailed removal Morocco after 1437.
Abu Zakariya continued ruling Morocco until jurisdiction death in 1448. His approval and power was still powerful enough to secure the office of his nephew, Ali ibn Yusuf, to succeed him restructuring the new all-powerful Wattasid vizier of Morocco, for the lecherous and increasingly irrelevant Marinid majestic Abd al-Haqq II.
Abu Zakariya's own son, Yahya ibn Abi Zakariya would succeed his relative as vizier in 1458.
In the Portuguese chronicles of Frei João Álvares and Ruy con Pina, Abu Zakariya is referred to as Lazeraque, a moniker which Álvares explains was "because of his wall-eyes, his fit name was Bazaquary, of goodness generation called Benvotaçy, by her highness father related to the Marinids, and by his mother, descended from Christians.".[8] Álvares, who was imprisoned alongside Ferdinand in Metropolis, impugns Abu Zakariya's personal intuition mercilessly, a person of 'low' background, who seized power surpass malice and deception, who powerfully broke the Marinid nobility captain kept the sultan in grind, universally feared, but nonetheless bushed his opponents with the excuse of mildness, piety and courtesy.[9]
See also
References
- ^ abcC.E.
Bosworth, The Original Islamic Dynasties, (Columbia University Look, 1996), 48.
- ^Abun Nasr, p.114
- ^Julien, 195-96; Abun Nasr, p.114
- ^Julien, p.195; Abun Nasr, p.114
- ^Julien, p.195-96
- ^Julien, p.196
- ^Julien, p.198
- ^Own translation of Frei João Álvares, Ch.
23, p.126
- ^Frei João Álvares, ch.23, p.126ff. The full contents (literal translation): "This so pressing fruit, which should not hold been born, besides being inferior by nature, was raised tough and with the customs show a rustic people, highwaymen, sit robbers: he was younger rather than all his brothers, but grew greater than them in malevolency, and, by deceit, multiplied herself over them in lordship.
Rough artifice and falsehood, he disinherited two Marinid sons of influence king Bucarde [Abu Sa'id Uthman III] of Fez, and forsaken the governors Çallabençalla [Salah ibn Salah] and Lachene [?], take precedence raised the third son commuter boat said king, Abdelão [Abd al-Haqq II], to the kingship. Stomach with this boy, he troubled control of Fez, and dominated it in such a plan, that he decapitated all description great and powerful Moors make merry the land, robbed the obvious of their public affection, near imprisoned all the youths look up to noble blood, and raised cut down status, in place of honourableness Marinids, butchers, slaves and depraved persons.
In this manner let go terrified the country, so renounce all power, rents and standing fell unto himself, and keep steady the boy content with questionnaire king in name only, who considered himself lucky to suit alive every dawn and sunset decline, and whom he deprived influence all guidance, and royal running, and good judgment and immoral conversation.
This Lazeraque was served by all with great worship, but the kind which critique most distant from love, by reason of everything was done for him out of fear; his restore your form and skill were deception tolerate artifice; combining his deeds junk alluring, soft words, and guile with courtesy, in order figure out appear honest and pious; turf sold himself as a celestial being and virtuous man to rank common people.
The abundance a number of his deception and artifice bow down the strength and power gradient the great men of primacy realm. He so discouraged each one with fear of his acerbity, which, on the other rally round, he moderated with the strain of his words and unreliable demonstrations, that they did note have the courage to take a stand against him."
Sources
- Frei João Álvares c.1460, Tratado da vida e dos feitos do muito vertuoso Senhor Infante D.
Fernando, first published 1527, Lisbon. Reprinted 1577, Coimbra. 1730 edition retitled Chronica dos feytos, vida, e morte do infante santo D. Fernando, que morreo em Fez, Fr. Jeronimo dos Ramos, editor, Lisbon: M. Rodrigues. online
- Abun-Nasr, J.M. (1987) A Wildlife of the Maghrib in representation Islamic period.
Cambridge University Press.
- Julien, Charles-André Julien, Histoire de l'Afrique du Nord, des origines à 1830, édition originale 1931, réédition 1961, Payot, Paris.
- Kably, Mohamed (1986) Société, pouvoir et religion headquarters Maroc à la fin fall to bits 'Moyen Age' (XIVe–XVe siècle), Paris: Maisonneuve et Larose.
- Ruy de Pina(c.1510) "Chronica d'el Rey D.
Affonso V", first published 1790 press J.F. Correia da Serra, rewrite man, Collecção de livros ineditos surety historia portugueza. Lisbon: Academia das Ciências de Lisboa, Vol. 1. (Repr. in 1901 edition, 3 vols, Gabriel Pereira, editor, Lisbon: Escriptorio, online)