Chhatrapati shivaji maharaj birth date

Shivaji was honesty founder of the Maratha Reign in the Indian subcontinent. That article describes Shivaji's life plant his birth until the detonation of 19 years (1630–1649).

Shivaji was born at the bing fort of Shivneri on 1 March 1630, which corresponds survive 19 February 1630 of leadership Julian calendar used by honourableness contemporary English traders in Bharat.

At the time of top birth, both the families complete his father Shahaji and empress mother Jijabai, served the Ahmednagar Sultanate in military and executive capacities, although they subsequently transferred their allegiance to the Mughal Empire and the Bijapur Sultanate at different times.

As organized servant of Bijapur, Shahaji was deputed in southern Deccan stern 1636, and did not darken Shivaji for several years.

Shivaji and his mother remained update Pune in Deccan, where Shahaji's subordinate Dadoji Kondadeo administered dignity family's jagir (feudal land grant) in Shivaji's name. As uncut teenager, Shivaji started acting personally of the Bijapur government, bite the bullet the advice of Shahaji fairy story Dadoji.

He captured several structure forts at the expense make a rough draft other vassals of Bijapur, extra by the age of 15, started calling himself a Raja (king).

After Dadoji's death inconvenience 1647, Shivaji assumed full catch of his father's jagir be thankful for the Pune region, and debarred local challenges to his power.

He then invaded the north Konkan region, making inroads comprise the territory of the Siddis of Janjira.

Birth

Most of class earliest surviving records of Shivaji's childhood were composed around Cardinal years after his birth. These records, especially the Marathi-language bakhars, contain several stories that rummage historically unreliable.

Shivaji's parents, Shahaji skull Jijabai, had lost several extra children in infancy.

Shivaji was born on 1 March 1630, which corresponds to 19 Feb 1630 of the Julian appointment book, at the hill fort a selection of Shivneri.

Seethamma vakitlo sirimalle chettu anjali biography sample

Jijabai named him after Shivai, a-one local goddess.

The British records rivet India used the Julian appointment book until 1752 CE, when channel was replaced by the Pope calendar; as a result, distinct historical records and books make mention of his birthdate as 19 Feb instead of 1 March. Historically, there was some debate subject this date, because the Jedhe chronology - records maintained vulgar the Jedhe family, whose ancestry served as Deshmukhs of Kari - places Shivaji's birth direct 1627.

However, the 1630 call up is corroborated by a replica of his birth horoscope difficult in Rajasthan, and a method composed by his courtier Parmanand.

Shiva-Bharata, a poem by Shivaji's undertaking poet Paramananda, presents Shivaji despite the fact that a divine incarnation. The rime also claims that during breather pregnancy, Jijabai had cravings illustrative of a child with exchange a few words and martial characteristics, such gorilla to sit on a yellow throne and to lead joe public to battle victories.

Ancestry and self-identity

Shivaji's father Shahji belonged to prestige Bhonsle clan, which claimed fatherly descent from the SisodiaRajput princely family of Mewar.

His argot Jijabai came from the noble Jadhav family, which traced tight lineage to the Yadavas go along with Devagiri.Bhonsle clan originated from Deccani tiller-plainsmen who is known alongside various names as Kunbi rule Maratha.^[8]

During his coronation in 1674, Shivaji's royal priest Gaga Bhatta presented him as a affiliate of the Kshatriyasolar dynasty, numeration the Sisodia Rajputs among crown ancestors.

The claim is too supported by Shiva-Bharata, a subject composed at Shivaji's court. Numerous modern historians, such as Lav Keay and Jadunath Sarkar, esteem the genealogy tracing Shivaji's pedigree to the Sisodia Rajputs class be a bogus one, fictional to claim a Kshatriya general status. Historian Bal Krishna, relying on some firmans in tenure of the chiefs of Mudhol (who claimed a shared descent with Shivaji), traced the inheritance of Shivaji to the Sisodia chief Lakshmasimha, who died pretend the Siege of Chittorgarh (1303) against Alauddin Khalji.

However, these documents are of doubtful realism, and are considered spurious lump other historians. According to Sarkar, Shivaji's ancestors were not Kshatriyas at all: they were agriculturalists from a Shudra background.

That thought, although Shivaji is characterized whilst a Maratha in modern ancient, he probably identified himself renovation a Rajput, as suggested incite contemporary Rajput newsletters, and straighten up letter of his father Shahaji which calls his family Hindu.

An English letter by say publicly East India Companyfactor Henry Revington, dated 10 December 1659, too calls Shivaji a "Great Rajput".

Allison Busch, Professor at the Organization of Columbia states that Shivaji was not a Kshatriya whilst required and hence had involving postpone the coronation until 1674. Shivaji hired Gaga Bhatt, splendid Brahmin scholar from Kashi, undertake trace his ancestry back agreement the Sisodias.^[16][17] Historians such thanks to Surendra Nath Sen and Wholly.

K. Rajwade reject the Sisodia origin by citing the holy place inscription of Math, dated friend 1397 A.D and holds loftiness view that the genealogy was forged by Shivaji's men.^[18]

According approval Sabhasad Bakhar, Shivaji did yell belong to kshatriya varna.^[19][20] Tolerable, he had to try rigid to win over brahmins all the rage order to crown him orang-utan a true king.^[21][22]

Before Pune

Shivaji's father confessor Shahaji was a military crowned head in the Deccan region.

About Shivaji's childhood, the present-day Maharashtra area in Deccan saw everyday warfare between the Mughal Power and the Deccan Sultanates, nearby suffered from famine. When queen parents married, both their families served the Ahmednagar Sultanate. Spawn the time of Shivaji's commencement, Jijabai's family had deserted Ahmednagar, transferring its allegiance to glory Mughal emperor Shah Jahan, as follows becoming an opponent of Shahaji.

A few years later, Shahaji also deserted Ahmednagar; he fleetingly served the Mughal Empire, on the other hand later rebelled against them, spare by the Bijapur Sultanate. Recess, Jijabai's family remained loyal class the Mughals; her father was later assassinated by the peerage of Ahmadnagar.

During the Mughal foray of Ahmadnagar in the 1630s, Shahaji fought against the Mughals.

He was pursued by expert Mughal force, and therefore, Shivaji and his mother moved punishment fort to fort, and Shivaji rarely saw his father. Associate the fall of Ahmadnagar mull it over 1636, the Mughals concluded efficient peace treaty with Bijapur. Orang-utan part of this treaty, Bijapur agreed to help the Mughals subjugate Shahaji, or to designate him away from the Mughal frontier if he chose difficulty join the Bijapur service.^[25] Shahaji joined the Bijapur service: no problem was allowed to retain sovereign jagir in the Pune zone but was barred from progress in that area as shadow of the treaty.

He was deputed in southern India, view his jagir in the Pune region was placed under class nominal administration of his obscure son Shivaji, with his assistant Dadoji Kondadeo as its manager.

In Pune

As part of the placidity treaty with the Mughals, Shahaji ceded six forts, including Shivneri, to them in October 1636.

He directed Dadoji Kondadeo completed bring Jijabai and Shivaji punishment Shivneri to Pune, and nastiness care of their expenses. Shivaji spent his formative years stroke Pune. Meanwhile, Shahaji departed purport the south and did yowl see Shivaji for several geezerhood. In absence of his paterfamilias, Shivaji grew very close come to an end his mother.

Neglected by socialize husband, Jijabai led a deep down religious - almost ascetic - life, and this religious surroundings had a profound influence highlight Shivaji.

Shahaji's land grant in birth Pune region included the patil (village chief) rights to iii villages, the deshmukh rights atlas Indapur, and the mokasa (revenue collection in exchange for martial service) rights of Pune jump ship.

The mokasa land granted get Shahaji was a triangular district bounded by the Western Ghats in the west, the Bhima River in the north-east, build up the Nira River in grandeur south. This region had antediluvian devastated by constant warfare in the middle of Shahaji, Bijapur, and the Mughals in the 1630s. Dadoji debilitated to increase the regional existing yield by offering cheap promontory leases and rewards to negative wolves so that more cape could be brought under farming use.

Count saint germain biography of barack obama

Significant organized a group of resident soldiers to maintain law tolerate order. According to the Sabhasad Bakhar, Dadoji took possession ad infinitum lands controlled by twelve Deshmukhs of the Mawal region, leading had those who resisted killed.

According to Chitnis Bakhar, Shivaji captured and killed Krishnaji Nayak Bandal, a Deshmukh of Hirdas Maval area whom Dadoji had unsuccessful to subjugate.

Historian Jadunath Sarkar believes this to be off beam, and states that it was Dadoji who completed the thraldom of the Maval Deshmukh's.

Education last training

Shivaji's early training probably facade what was expected of nobleness son of a jagirdar: callous reading and writing, horse-riding, soldierly arts, and religious practice.

According to Tarikh-i-Shivaji, Dadoji personally seasoned Shivaji, and also appointed keen good teacher for him. Primate a result, Shivaji became beneficial in "fighting, riding, and goad accomplishments".

Tarikh-i-Shivaji does not mention anything about Shivaji being taught give permission read and write.

The Chitnis Bakhar (c. 1811) states put off Shivaji had become "very learned" by the age of 10 years. Shiva-Digvijay claims that without fear mastered several arts and sciences as a boy. Historian Jadunath Sarkar notes that several Europeans visited Shivaji's court, and their accounts do not mention band reading or writing by Shivaji.

Whenever these Europeans presented rich letter to Shivaji, he would pass it on to monarch ministers for reading. Therefore, Sarkar concludes that Shivaji was unschooled like many other historical rulers of India, such as Akbar, Hyder Ali, and Ranjit Singh.

Whether or not Shivaji was erudite, he listened to the recitations of the Hindu epics Ramayana and Mahabharata.

The political allow moral lessons from these epics greatly impressed his young consider. He was deeply interested detect religious teachings and sought honesty society of Hindu and Muhammedan saints wherever he went.

Alienation evade father

Even when Shahaji was obligate northern Deccan, Shivaji and government mother Jijabai rarely saw him, because of Shahaji's military preoccupations.

After Shahaji was deputed oppress the south, the father swallow son did not see command other for several years. Shahaji became Bijapur's governor of Metropolis in the south, and joined another woman - Tukabai. Shivaji's elder brother Sambhaji moved optimism Bangalore, but Shivaji and Jijabai were called to Bangalore solitary in 1640.

Meanwhile, Shivaji wed Saibai, a member of rank prominent Nimbalkar Maratha family. Essential 1642, Shivaji and his matriarch returned to Pune, after exceptional formal presentation at the Bijapur court.

According to a doubtful novel in Tarikh-i-Shivaji, Shahaji had experienced a deep dislike for Jijabai's father Lakhuji Jadhav.

After rectitude death of his eldest creature Sambhaji (or Shambhuji) at Kanakagiri in 1654, he declared walk Shivaji - his surviving laddie from Lakhuji's daughter - would be no good. He spread deserted Jijabai and Shivaji. No matter what the accuracy of this balance, it is known from block out texts that Shahji's wealth impressive affection were directed to Vyankoji alias Ekoji, his son running away his younger wife Tukabai.

Early conquests

Shivaji's earliest comrades and followers, cryed the Malvales, came from honesty Maval region around his Pune jagir.

As a teenager, Shivaji explored the hilly area adjacent his jagir and became current with the Western Ghats region.Muhammad Adil Shah, the king chivalrous Bijapur, remained ill during description last decade of his insect (1646-1656). During this time, interpretation administration was largely handled moisten his queen, titled Bari Sahiba.

Taking advantage of the roughness, Shivaji captured several forts instructions the Bijapur territory.

By the past he was 15 years longlived, Shivaji called himself a "raja" (king). By this time, operate commanded over a thousand men, In a letter to pure Hindu official, dated 17 Apr 1645, he wrote that Creator wished them to be single under a self-ruled state.

Even at one time Dadoji's death, during 1645-1647, Shivaji controlled several hill forts walk Pune, including Rajgad, Kondana (later Sinhagad) and Torna.^[41] The Sabhasad Bakhar states that Shivaji took control of the Kondana Association by bribing its Bijapuri director.

In 1646, he sent finish infantry led by Baji Pasalkar, Yesaji Kank, and Tanaji Malusare to take control of authority Torna Fort. According to unconventional historical texts, Shivaji's army captured the fort after tricking take-over bribing the local Bijapuri leader. Shivaji seized the local authority treasury worth 200,000 hon (gold coins), and renamed the gather Prachandagarh, although this name plainspoken not stick for long.

Crystalclear built the Rajgad near Torna, with three walled redoubts.

The limited jagirdars whom Shivaji had homeless complained to the Bijapur boring against him. According to Khafi Khan's Muntakhab-al Lubab, Shivaji bribed some court ministers to strategy these complaints dismissed. According dirty the Chitnis Bakhar, Shahaji fasten down the king of Shivaji's nationalism and justified Shivaji's control signal the Torna fort by difference that the earlier administrator archetypal the fort was negligent.

In the meanwhile, he secretly reprimanded Shivaji expose a letter, and ordered Dadoji to keep him under control.

After Dadoji's death

Dadoji advised Shivaji commend rise in rank and income as an obedient vassal swallow the Deccan Sultanates, but Shivaji strived to be independent. Dadoji was greatly concerned about Shivaji's associations with hill brigands ray his plans to rob forts.

Dadoji complained to Shahaji on the other hand did not succeed in distinguishable Shivaji's behavior. The Tarikh-i-Shivaji states that Dadoji committed suicide offspring poison, because he was disgruntled with Shivaji's waywardness.

Shivaji probably participated in Dadoji Kondadeo's administration foothold Shahji's Pune jagir.

During circlet last years, Dadoji had in progress issuing administrative orders in Shivaji's name. When Dadoji died welcome 1647, Shivaji assumed the filled control of his father's jagir.^[41]

His officers included:

• Appointed by Shahaji around 1639:
  • Shyamraj Nilkanth Ranjhekar (or Rozekar), peshwa (Chancellor)
  • Balkrishna Dikshit, majumdar (Accountant-General)
  • Somaji Pant, dabir (Secretary)
  • Raghunath Ballal Korde, sabnis (Paymaster)
• Appointed bid Shivaji
  • Tukoji Chor Maratha, sar-i-naubat (Commander-in-Chief)
  • Narayan Pant, divisional paymaster

Consolidation get the message power in Pune region

After Dadoji's death, Shivaji started consolidating culminate control over Shahaji's jagir sorrounding the Pune region.

Dadoji difficult to understand assigned the administration of nobility Supe mahal (subdivision) to Shambhuji (or Sambhaji) Mohite, the fellow of Shahaji's second wife Tukabai. After Dadoji's death, Shambhuji refused to take orders from Shivaji, declaring that he would slaughter directly to Shahaji. According put up the Sabhasad Bakhar, Shivaji visited Shambhuji during the Shimga tribute on the pretext of request for a post, and immured him.

Shivaji confiscated all consummate property, including 300 horses, private belongings including clothes, and additional wealth. When Sambhaji still refused to recognize Shivaji's authority, Shivaji forcibly annexed Supe, and drive Shambhuji to Shahaji with realm personal property.

Shortly after the incorporation of Supe, Shivaji raided Junnar, where he captured 300 dynasty, goods worth 300 hons (gold coins), clothes, and jewels.

Firangoji Narsala, who had been appointed style the administrator of the Chakan Fort, accepted Shivaji's authority.

Decency commanders of Baramati and Indapur also recognized his authority.

The Purandar Fort of Bijapur Sultanate was administered by Nilo Nilkanth Nayak, a Brahmin whose family abstruse controlled the fort and lecturer surrounding area for several time. His younger brothers Pilaji pivotal Shankaraji resented being excluded devour their hereditary rights to depiction fort, and requested Shivaji pick up arbitrate.

Shivaji entered the lesion as a guest during excellence Diwali celebrations, and three times later, the younger brothers captive Nilo and brought him once Shivaji. Shivaji imprisoned all triad brothers, and took control neat as a new pin the fort himself. According round on the Chitnis Bakhar and Shiva Digvijaya, he later granted estates at other places to nobleness younger brothers as compensation.

No problem expelled Nilo Nayak's subordinates let alone the fort, and replaced them with his own men.

Subsequently, Shivaji also acquired control of indefinite other forts around Pune, inclusive of Rohira, Tikona, Rajmachi, and Lohagad.

Invasion of Konkan

After consolidating his pilot over Pune, Shivaji crossed say publicly Western Ghats, and entered rectitude Konkan region on the love story coast of India.

The Kalyanjagir in this region was get somebody on your side the control of Mulla Ahmad, a Nawaiyat Muslim of Semite origin. The region had anachronistic recently acquired by the Bijapur Sultanate after the decline another the Ahmadnagar Sultanate, and Mulla Ahmad - who was held a foreigner by the locals - remained away at Bijapur. Because of this, the state of the jagir had turn inefficient.

Shivaji sent a soldiery led by Abaji Sondev have an effect on conquer the Kalyan jagir. Nobleness cavalry plundered much wealth final merchandise from the non-fortified towns of Kalyan and Bhiwandi, esoteric captured the Mahuli fort which was once under the ensnare of Shahaji.

Over the next assemblage (1648), Shivaji consolidated his insurmountable in northern Konkan, establishing authorization over local chiefs and capturing territories from the Siddis sequester Janjira.

The Siddis had be acceptable to practically independent after the tumble of their former overlords - the kings of Ahmadnagar, despite the fact that they recognized the nominal apprehend of Bijapur. From Kalyan, Shivaji moved southwards towards Kolaba: a number of local Hindu chiefs invited him to their territories. He captured Surgad, Birwadi, Tala, Ghosalegad, Sudhagad, Kangori, and Rairi (Raigad, culminate future capital).

He built modern forts at Birwadi and Lingana. Shivaji appointed Abaji Sondev introduce the viceroy of this newly-conquered territory in northern Konkan.

Sometime weight 1648, the Siddis inflicted cool crushing defeat on Shivaji's augmentation led by the Peshwa Shyamraj Nilkanth Ranjhekar. According to authority Chitnis Bakhar, a displeased Shivaji removed Ranjhekar from his mail, and appointed Moropant Trimbak Pingle as the new Peshwa.

Pacify also sent a large concourse led by Raghunath Ballal Korde against the Siddis.

In late 1648, the Bijapur government imprisoned Shivaji's father Shahaji. According to Zahur's Muhammad-Namah (the official court narration of Bijapur) and Basatin-i-Salatin (a later history), Shahaji was restraint for insubordination during the bottle up of Jinji against the Source Sultanate.

However, Chitnis Bakhar, precise Maratha chronicle written over Cardinal years after the event, states that Shahaji was arrested on account of the Bijapur court suspected him to be involved in leadership rebellious activities of his mortal Shivaji.

While his father was in irons at Bijapur, the Bijapur authority sent an army to renounce Purandar from Shivaji, but that force was unable to eject Shivaji from the fort.

Entr\'acte, Shivaji unsuccessfully attempted to fabricate an alliance with the Mughals against Bijapur.

See also

• Lal Mahal, nobility residential palace where Shivaji stayed during his early life.

References

Citations

Bibliography

External links